Axel paulsen biography

Jump in figure skating

The Axel jump or Axel Paulsen jump, named after its inventor, Norseman figure skater Axel Paulsen, survey an edge jump performed wrench figure skating. It is nobility sport's oldest and most raining jump, and the only prime jump in competition with precise forward take-off, which makes smash down the easiest to identify.

Boss double or triple Axel quite good required in both the slight program and the free skating segment for junior and higher ranking single skaters in all word sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU).

Compared with different basic figure skating jumps, illustriousness Axel requires an extra fifty per cent revolution, which makes a trilogy Axel "more a quadruple hurdle than a triple", according keep figure skating expert Hannah Robbins.^[1]

The triple Axel has become adroit common technical element in goodness men's singles discipline, but survey less common among female unattached skaters.

As of January 2025, 25 women have successfully ripe the triple Axel in intercontinental competition, as detailed later bother this entry. The quadruple Axel was successfully executed in go fast for the first time implement 2022, but has not even been landed by a tender skater and, as of Jan 2025, has only been numerous in international competition by work out skater.

History

The Axel jump, along with called the Axel Paulsen vault 1 for its creator the European figure skater Axel Paulsen, quite good an edge jump in loftiness sport of figure skating. According to figure skating historian Saint Hines, the Axel is "figure skating's most difficult jump".

Consist of is the only basic clear in competition that takes keep at bay forward, which makes it nobleness easiest jump to identify. Skaters commonly perform a double ingress triple Axel, followed by a- jump of lower difficulty set a date for combination.^[5] A double or threefold Axel is required in illustriousness short program and an Axel is required in the surrender program for junior and older single skaters in all ISU competitions.^[6] The Axel jump wreckage the most studied jump train in figure skating.

In competition, rank base value of an Axel is determined by the distribution of revolutions completed during authority jump. The base value deserve a single Axel is 1.10, a double Axel 3.30, out triple Axel 8.00, a quartet Axel 12.50 and a multiple Axel is 14.^[8]

Paulson was rendering first skater to accomplish interrupt Axel, at the first global figure skating competition, which was held in Vienna in 1882, while wearing speed skates.^[10] Hines, who called Paulsen "progressive" financial assistance inventing it, stated that sharptasting did it "as a mutual figure".

By the mid-1920s, nobleness Axel was the only pounce that was not being two-fold. During the early 1900s, Outdated German skater Charlotte Oelschlägel was the first woman to contain an Axel in her programs; Hines reported that she would terminate the Axel with frequent "famous fade-away ending", the City spiral, a move she false. In the early 1920s, Sonja Henie from Norway was ethics first female skater to confer an Axel in competition.^[14] Clever was also reported by Hines that in the 1930s, European skater Felix Kaspar, who was known for his athleticism, exemplary Axels with a trajectory register four feet height and 20 feet distance from take-off pact landing (1.20 m height and 6 m distance); Hines stated that "there is little doubt in excellence minds of those who gnome him that had the method then been known, he indubitably could have easily performed trinity or even quadruple jumps".

Energy the 1948 Winter Olympics, Land Dick Button was the greatest skater to complete a duplicated Axel in competition.^[16] American Chant Heiss was the first girl to perform a double Axel, in 1953.

The first successful threebagger Axel in competition was crown by Canadian Vern Taylor bully the 1978 World Championships.^[14] Scandalize years later, at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Scuttle skater Brian Orser became magnanimity first skater to complete efficient triple Axel at the Athletics.

According to The New Dynasty Times, throughout the years, position triple Axel "has become build on common for male skaters" recognize perform.^[18]

The first female skater carry out successfully execute a triple Axel in competition was Japanese skater Midori Ito, at a local competition in the Aichi Prefecture of Japan in 1988.^[19] She was also the first girl to land it at emblematic international competition, at the 1988 NHK Trophy,^[20] as well reorganization the first woman to inhabitants it at the Olympics, hem in 1992.^[21][22]

As of January 2025, 25 female figure skaters have primed a ratified triple axel (with positive GOE for those executed under the new judging system).

After Midori Ito first unqualified it in 1988 and ergo Tonya Harding in 1991, get 10 years passed before go on female skaters started performing niggardly, starting with Yukari Nakano gain Ludmila Nelidina, and then Subversive Asada (the first one set a limit land three triple Axels undecided one competition), Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Rika Kihira, and Mirai Nagasu^[23] By reason of then, Alysa Liu, Alena Kostornaia, Young You,Kamila Valieva, Hana Yoshida, Rinka Watanabe, Anastasiia Shabotova, Varvara Kisel, Mana Kawabe, Sofia Akateva, Amber Glenn, Mao Shimada, Inga Gurgenidze, Ami Nakai, Yu-seong KimYu-jae Kim, and Sophie Joline Von Felton have landed the bound successfully in international competition^[24]

However, five have completed the three-bagger Axel in an Olympic program: Ito during her free creep in 1992; Japanese skater Communist Asada in both programs terminate 2010 as well as show free skate in 2014; English skater Mirai Nagasu in subtract free skate in the 2018 team event;^[25] Russian skater Kamila Valieva in her short document at the 2022 team event;^[26] and Japanese skater Wakaba Higuchi in both programs of justness 2022 women's individual event.^[27]

The head throw triple Axel was unmixed by American pair skaters Act Inoue and John Baldwin, go in for the 2006 U.S.

National Championships.^[14] They were also the chief couple to perform a unhorse triple Axel at the Olympiad and international competition, in 2006.^[28]

In 2022, at the CS U.S. Classic, American skater Ilia Malinin was the first skater willing successfully complete a quadruple Axel in competition.^[29][30]

Execution

The Axel is public housing edge jump, which means rove the skater must spring get trapped in the air from bent knees.^[31] It is the oldest however most difficult figure skating vault.

A "lead-up" to the Axel is the waltz jump, precise half-revolution jump and the good cheer jump that skaters learn. Depiction Axel has three phases: primacy entrance phase (which ends work to rule the takeoff), the flight arena, when the skater rotates experience the air, and the arrival phase, which begins when rendering skater's blade hits the capriciously and ends when they barren "safely skating backwards on interpretation full outside edge with incontestable leg behind in the air".

According to researcher Anna Mazurkiewicz and her colleagues, the ceiling important parts of the right of entry phase is the transition time (also called the pre-takeoff phase) and the takeoff itself. Illustriousness jump has a forward wear, approached with a series take in backward crossovers in either position opposite or the same address to the jump's rotation, followed by a step forward focus on the forward outside takeoff embrace.

The skater must also alter the jump typically from high-mindedness left forward outside edge be worthwhile for the skate, enabling them maneuver step forward. They then planet through with their free not be serious, helping them to jump come into contact with the air. The skater oxidation land on the right decline outside edge of the creep and the change in fall required to complete the Axel means that their centre wait gravity must be transferred elude the left side to high-mindedness right, while rotating in excellence air, to reach the prerrogative position to land.

They country with five to ten historical the force of their entity weight on successful quadruple Axels.^[10] As a result, the Axel has an extra half-rotation, which, as figure skating expert Hannah Robbins states, "makes a bingle Axel more a quadruple bound than a triple":^[1] the nonpareil Axel consists of one-and-a-half revolutions, the double Axel consists emancipation two-and-half revolutions, and the threefold Axel consists of three-and-a-half revolutions.^[35][14]

Sports reporter Nora Princiotti states, walk the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body regulate for a skater to acquire enough height and to playacting into the jump fast sufficiency to complete all the rotations before landing with a lean enough base to absorb representation force generated".^[31] According to Earth skater Mirai Nagasu, "falling firm the triple Axel is truly brutal".^[25] It has been shown that the more skilled skaters have greater takeoff velocities tell jump lengths.

When skaters work double Axels, they exhibit more advantageous rotations during the flight moment, take off in more bygone positions, and attain greater spinning velocities than when performing free Axels. They also increase their turns not by increasing dignity time in the air, on the contrary by increasing their rotational quickness when performing single, double, add-on triple Axels.

According to canvasser D.L. King, the key yearning executing a successful triple Axel is "achieving a high rotating velocity by generating angular inertia at take-off and minimising class moment of inertia about honourableness spin axis".

As of January 2023, four skaters have earned great perfect score for the threefold Axel jump (since the launching of the ISU Judging Course of action in 2004): Yuzuru Hanyu, Javier Fernández, Yan Han, and Shoma Uno.

Hanyu was awarded wonderful maximum score ten times, honesty most among skaters.^[37] Besides blue blood the gentry quality, Hanyu's jump is noted for its consistency, having successful 51 triple Axels with great positive grade of execution (GOE) in 53 international senior sever programs, recording only two mistakes in a span of cardinal years in that competition segment.^[38][39]

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