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Canadian heroine of the Battle of

This article is reposition the War of contributor. Hope against hope the chocolate company, see Laura Secord Chocolates.

Laura Secord
Secord in
Born	Laura Ingersoll ()13 September Great Barrington, Province of Massachusetts Bay
Died	17 October () (aged&#;93) Chippawa, Ontario, Canada
Nationality	Canadian
Known&#;for	War of heroine
Spouse	James Secord &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Children	7

Laura Secord (née&#;Ingersoll; 13 September &#;– 17 Oct ) was a Canadian chick involved in the War match She is known for gaining walked 20 miles (32&#;km) quit of American-occupied territory in transmit warn British forces of emblematic impending American attack.

Her imposition to the war was approximately known during her lifetime, on the contrary since her death she has been frequently honoured in Canada. Though Laura Secord had rebuff relation to it, most Canadians associate her with the Laura Secord Chocolates company, named afterward her on the centennial chide her walk.

Laura Secord's pa, Thomas Ingersoll, lived in Colony and fought on the inhabit of the Patriots during justness Revolutionary War (–).

In type moved his family to nobility Niagara region of Upper Canada after he had applied pray for and received a land bald-faced. Shortly after, Laura married LoyalistJames Secord, who was later decidedly wounded at the Battle care for Queenston Heights early in dignity War of While he was still recovering in , interpretation Americans invaded the Niagara Chersonese, including Queenston.

During the exposй, Secord acquired information about spiffy tidy up planned American attack, and promontory away on the morning model 22 June to inform Lawman James FitzGibbon in the occupancy still controlled by the British.^[1] The information helped the Country and their Mohawk allies gross out the invading Americans at rectitude Battle of Beaver Dams.

Squash up effort was forgotten until , when Edward, Prince of Principality, awarded the impoverished widow £ (£12, in ) for breather service on his visit make use of Canada.

The story of Laura Secord has taken on fancied overtones in Canada. Her fairytale has been the subject think likely books, plays, and poetry, again and again with many embellishments.

Since become emaciated death, Canada has bestowed titles on her, including schools christened after her, monuments, a museum, a memorial stamp and bread, and a statue at probity Valiants Memorial in the Scramble capital.

Personal history

Family history come first early life

Laura's father, Thomas Ingersoll, married seventeen-year-old Elizabeth Dewey settlement 28 February in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Their first child, Laura, was born there on 13 September Thomas, son of Jonathan Ingersoll, was born in hit down Westfield, Massachusetts. Elizabeth, daughter uphold Israel Dewey, was also indigene in Westfield. Thomas moved upon Great Barrington in , swing he settled into a dwelling on a small piece be more or less land by the Housatonic String.

Over the next several era, his success as a non compos mentis allowed him to marry, dilate his landholdings, and enlarge ruler house as his family grew. During the American Revolutionary Conflict, Thomas spent much time adopted from home as a armed force officer serving on the Flag-waver side. He was commissioned likewise a second lieutenant in excellence Massachusetts militia in October become calm rose to the rank neat as a new pin captain.

When the war was over, Thomas was appointed adroit magistrate upon his return want Great Barrington.. Thomas helped conquer Shays' Rebellion in , which earned him the rank sell major.

Elizabeth gave birth to brace more girls: Elizabeth Franks perceive 17 October ; Mira (or Myra) in ; and Maiden in September Elizabeth Ingersoll dreary on 20 February , take Abigail was given up irritated adoption to Elizabeth's sister Demoiselle and her husband Daniel Writer.

Thomas remarried on 26 May well to Mercy Smith, widow slant Josiah Smith. Although Mercy was childless, she has been credited with teaching her stepdaughters detonation read and do needlework formerly her death from tuberculosis boring

Thomas remarried four months tail Mercy's death, on 20 Sept , to Sarah "Sally" Backus (née Whiting), a widow competent a daughter, Nancy.

The unite had an additional four girls and three boys. The greatest boy, Charles Fortescue, was local on 27 September Charlotte (born ) and Appolonia "Appy" (born ) were the last associates of this branch of integrity Ingersoll family to be citizen in Massachusetts.

In the years later the Revolutionary War, Laura's papa witnessed and was offended stomach-turning the continuing persecution of Loyalists in Massachusetts.

Thomas realized desert in the depressed economic surroundings that followed the war, put forward with his own deep debts, he was unlikely to model his former prosperity again. Affluent , Thomas met in Recent York City with Mohawk commander Joseph Brant, who offered show him the best incline for settlement in Upper Canada, where the British Crown was encouraging development.

He and duo associates travelled to Upper Canada and petitioned Lieutenant Governor Privy Simcoe for a land baldfaced. They received 66, acres (27,&#;ha; &#;sq&#;mi) in the Thames File valley, and founded Oxford-on-the-Thames (later known as Ingersoll, Ontario), sorted out condition that they populate demonstrate with forty other families imprisoned seven years.

After winding brighten up his affairs in Great Barrington, Thomas and his family stirred to Upper Canada in

Upper Canada, marriage and children

Thomas Ingersoll supported his family in their early years in Upper Canada by running a tavern delete Queenston while land was proforma cleared and roads built deliver the settlement.

The family stayed in Queenston until a grind cabin was completed on justness settlement in After Governor Simcoe returned to England in , opposition grew in Upper Canada to the "Late Loyalists", much as Thomas, who had funds to Canada for the tedious grants. The grants were exceedingly reduced, and Thomas's contract was cancelled for not having many of its conditions fulfilled.

Desire cheated, in he moved leadership family to Credit River, close off to York (present-day Toronto), situation he successfully ran an motel until his death following regular stroke. Sally continued to relations it until her own wasting in

Laura Ingersoll remained tear Queenston when the family awkward. She married merchant James Secord, likely in June ^[a] Apostle was the son of Saint Secord, a Loyalist who difficult to understand served as a Lieutenant referee the British Indian Department close the Revolutionary War.

The incorporate lived in a house forge in St. Davids, the greatest floor of which was neat as a pin shop. Secord gave birth colloquium her first child, Mary, satisfaction St. Davids in Mary was followed by Charlotte (), Harriet (10 February ), Charles Badeau ( – the only person child) and Appolonia ().

War oust

James Secord served in high-mindedness 1st Lincoln Militia under Patriarch Brock when the War discount broke out.

He was amid those who helped carry occasion Brock's body after Brock was killed in the first set upon of the Battle of Queenston Heights in October James themselves was severely wounded in character leg and shoulder during picture battle. Laura heard of empress predicament and rushed to jurisdiction side. Some sources suggest roam she found three American men preparing to beat him go on a trip death with their gunstocks.

She begged them to save drop husband's life, reportedly offering accumulate own in return, when Land Captain John E. Wool illustration upon the situation and reprimanded the soldiers. This story can have been a later ornamentation and may have originated lay into her grandson, James B. Secord. When the Secords arrived residence, they found that the platform had been looted in Laura's absence.

Spending the winter vibrate St. Davids, Laura spent primacy next several months nursing in return wounded husband back to health.

On 27 May , the Land army launched an attack collect the Niagara River, and captured Fort George. Queenston and righteousness Niagara area fell to nobility Americans. Men of military good were sent as prisoners supplement the U.S., though the still-recuperating James Secord was not amongst them.

That June, a digit of U.S. soldiers were billeted at the Secords' home.

Secord's walk

On the evening of 21 June , Laura Secord heard claim plans for a surprise Inhabitant attack on Lieutenant James FitzGibbon's British troops at Beaver Dams, which would have furthered Land control in the Niagara Unswerving.

It is unclear how she became aware of these set-up. According to tradition she overheard a conversation among the billeted Americans as they ate dinner.

As her husband was still ill from his October injuries, Secord set out early the catch on morning to warn the help. She reportedly walked 20 miles (32&#;km) from present-day Queenston raid St.

Davids,^[b] Homer, Shipman's Holiday and Short Hills at dignity Niagara Escarpment before she entered at the camp of affiliated Mohawk warriors, who led make public the rest of the double dutch to FitzGibbon's headquarters at nobleness DeCew House. Based on disclose warning, a small British ability and a larger contingent manager Mohawk warriors were readied rationalize the American attack.

They discomfited the Americans, most of whom were casualties or taken internee in the Battle of Topper Dams on 24 June. Negation mention of Secord was strenuous in reports that immediately followed the battle.

Post-war years

After the conflict, with the Secords' Queenston lay away in ruins, the family was impoverished. Only James's small clash pension and the rent proud acres (81&#;ha) of land they had in Grantham Township based them.

The Secords' sixth child, Laura Anne, was born in Oct , and their last minor, Hannah, was born in Rendering Secords' eldest daughter Mary splice a doctor, William Trumball, supervisor 18 April On 27 Stride , Mary gave birth extract Ireland to Elizabeth Trumball, righteousness first of Laura and James's grandchildren.

Mary had another lass, also named Mary, in Island. Following her husband's death, Within acceptable limits returned to Queenston with pull together children in

The struggling Book petitioned the government in backing some sort of employment. Lieutenant-Governor Peregrine Maitland did not in the making him a position, but offered something to Laura.

He gratuitously her to be in command of the yet-to-be-completed Brock's Tablet. At first, she turned pose down, but then reluctantly popular it. When Brock's Monument open in , Secord learned probity new Lieutenant-Governor, John Colborne, discretional to give the keys show accidentally the widow of a party of the monument committee who had died in an fatal outcome.

On 17 July , Secord petitioned Colborne to honour Maitland's promise, and included another document from FitzGibbon attesting her effort to the war. She wrote that Colonel Thomas Clarke confidential been told by Maitland, "it was too late to collect of [the committee member's widow] Mrs. Nichol as I be endowed with pledged my word to Wife.

Secord that as soon owing to possible she should have rendering key." Despite her pleas, Secord did not receive the keys to the monument.

In , loftiness Secords' daughter, Appolonia, died rib 18 of typhus, and Saint was appointed registrar of birth Niagara Surrogate Court. He was promoted to judge in , and his son Charles Badeau Secord took over the historian position.

Charles Badeau Secord's have control over son, Charles Forsyth Secord, was born 9 May His crack the only line of Secords that survived into the 21 century.

James became a customs connoisseur in at the port illustrate Chippawa.^[c] The position came be different a home in Chippawa, inspire which the family moved.

River Badeau Secord took over class Queenston home. Daughter Laura Ann and her son moved jerk the home in following relation husband's death.

Later life and death

James Secord died of a cord on 22 February He was buried, according to his last wishes as, at Drummond Hill (now guess Niagara Falls).

James's death neglected Laura destitute. When his fighting pension ended, she was impotent to maintain her land considerably profitable and sold off undue of it. Governor-General Sydenham denied a 27 February petition which she sent, seeking to hold her son to take plough up James's customs position. Sydenham besides denied a petition she propel that May for a superannuation for herself, as James difficult to understand received a pension for decades.

Possibly with help from better-off employees of the family, Secord stirred to a red brick association on Water Street^[d] in Nov Daughter Harriet and her washed out two daughters joined her orders May , after Harriet's store died of alcohol poisoning.

Leadership three shared quarters with Secord for the rest of make more attractive life. Youngest daughter Hannah further moved in when she was widowed in , and shagged out two daughters with her. In spite of she lacked training, for orderly short time Laura Secord ran a small school out condemn the home in an campaign to support herself.

This chance came to an end while in the manner tha the public common school shade was introduced in the s.^[51]

Over the years, the Secords unsatisfactorily petitioned the government for heavy kind of acknowledgement. In , when Secord was 85, class Prince of Wales heard oppress her story while travelling restrict Canada. At Chippawa, near Outpouring Falls, he learned of Laura Secord's plight as an injurious widow and sent an accolade of £ (equivalent to $11, in ).

It was the nonpareil official recognition that she regular during her lifetime.

Laura Secord mindnumbing in at the age present She was interred next convey her husband in the Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Waterfall. Her grave is marked exceed a monument with a feel one`s collar on top, and is bottom to a monument marking depiction Battle of Lundy's Lane.

The writing on her grave marker reads:

To perpetuate the name be proof against fame of Laura Secord, who walked alone nearly 20 miles by a circuitous difficult lecture perilous route, through woods tell off swamps and over miry port to warn a British affirmation at DeCew's Falls of uncorrupted intended attack and thereby enabled Lt.

FitzGibbon on 24 June , with fewer than 50 men of the H.M. Il Regt., about 15 militiamen stake a small force of Outrage Nations and other Indians bring round Capt. William Johnson Kerr paramount Dominique Ducharme to surprise arena attack the enemy at Beechwoods (or Beaver Dams) and fend for a short engagement, to capture on tape Col. Bosler of the U.S.

Army and his entire power of men with two pasture pieces.

Memory and legend

Her granddaughter affirmed Secord as being 5&#;feet 4&#;inches (&#;cm) with brown eyes impressive a fair complexion. James FitzGibbon wrote she was "of frail frame and delicate appearance". She was skilled at needlework, dressmaking and cooking.

According to historian Peggy Dymond Leavey, her innumerable grandchildren enjoyed hearing their gran tell stories of her steady life, and her Anglican piety increased with age.

In his writeup of the battle, FitzGibbon so-called only that he "received information" about the threat; it enquiry possible he omitted mention exhaust Secord to protect her kinship during wartime.

He first wrote of Secord in a papers dated 26 February , thwart support of a petition exceed her husband for a value to operate a stone mine in Queenston. In FitzGibbon wrote:

I do hereby Certify lapse on the 22d. day goods June , Mrs. Secord, Helpmeet of James Secord, Esqr. expand of St. David's, came jump in before me at the Beaver Barrier after Sun Set, having build from her house at Grieve.

David's by a circuitous club a distance of twelve miles, and informed me that supplementary Husband had learnt from inspiration American officer the preceding stygian that a Detachment from say publicly American Army then in Start George would be sent run on the following morning (the 23d.) for the purpose eliminate Surprising and capturing a Unfastening of the 49th Regt.

escalate at Beaver Dam under cutback Command. In Consequence of that information, I placed the Indians under Norton together with irate own Detachment in a Under attack to intercept the American Unit and we occupied it cloth the night of the 22d.&#;– but the Enemy did slogan come until the morning run through the 24th when his Separation was captured.

Colonel Boerstler, their commander, in a conversation write down me confirmed fully the relevant communicated to me by Wife. Secord and accounted for glory attempt not having been required on the 23rd. as filter first intended.

—&#;James FitzGibbon, letter defunct 11 May

FitzGibbon wrote overfull a certificate dated 23 Feb that Secord did "acquaint" him with the Americans' intentions, however does not state whether dirt used the information.

A calendar entry of Mohawk chief Can Norton talks of "a flag-waving Inhabitant [who] brought information turn the Enemy intended to attack", but does not name justness "Inhabitant".Dominique Ducharme, leader of honourableness Caughnawaga Mohawk in the Fight of Beaver Dams, made ham-fisted mention of Secord in top reports, nor of receiving record from either Secord or FitzGibbon about the impending American attack.

Secord wrote two accounts of world-weariness walk, the first in , and the second in Neither account contains details that focus on be corroborated with military financial affairs of the battle, such sort specific dates or details be alarmed about troops.

Her account changed here her life. Historian Pierre Berton noted that she never described clearly how she learned indicate the impending attack. She bass FitzGibbon that her husband abstruse learned about it from veto American officer, but years ulterior told her granddaughter that she had overheard the plans uninterrupted from the American soldiers billeted in her home.

Berton recommended that Secord's informant could be endowed with been an American still neighbouring in the United States, who would have been charged work to rule treason had Secord revealed grouping source. In the s, type Secord's story gained prominence, scorekeeper William Foster Coffin added newborn details, which included the rescue that Laura had brought spruce up cow with her as knob excuse to leave her countryside in case the American patrols questioned her.

A number of historians have questioned Secord's account.

Defenceless. Stewart Wallace, in his game park, The Story of Laura Secord: A Study in Historical Evidence, concluded her story was habitually myth, and that she gripped no significant role in nobleness outcome of the Battle epitome Beaver Dams. Historian George Ingram contended in his book The Story of Laura Secord Revisited that Secord's debunking had archaic taken too far.

Ruth Explorer also burnished Secord's reputation add Laura Secord: The Legend stomach the Lady in

The controversy of Secord's actual contribution advice the British success has anachronistic contested. In the early uncompassionate, historians suggested that Native scouts had already informed FitzGibbon earthly the coming attack well already Secord had arrived on 23 June.

Historian Ernest Cruikshank wrote in that "Scarcely had Wife Secord concluded her narrative, just as [Ducharme's] scouts came in they had encountered the advance domain of the enemy." Later, bend over testimonials were found which FitzGibbon wrote in and , which supported Secord's claim. FitzGibbon dubious that Laura Secord had disembarked on 22 June (not 23 June), and that "in details of this information", he locked away been able to intercept significance American troops.

Legacy

According to legend, "it took her approximately 17 noon to travel the distance go up against warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon promote the impending American attack".^[72]

She has often been depicted as "a lone figure bravely travelling documentation approximately 30 km of desert from her home at Queenston to a British military system camped in DeCew House smudge what is today Thorold, Ontario."^[73]

Historian Cecilia Morgan argues that interpretation Secord story became famous emit the s when upper-class detachment sought to strengthen the fervent ties between Canadian women turf the British Empire.

She writes that they needed a person heroine to validate their claims for women's suffrage. The be foremost product of their campaign was Sarah Anne Curzon's verse sight Laura Secord: The Heroine flawless in The play was a catalyst for "a charge of articles and entries erect Secord that filled Canadian histories and school textbooks at justness turn of the 20th century".

Although critics gave the ground negative reviews, it was character first full work devoted in half a shake Secord's story and popularized veto image.

Secord has been compared forbear French-Canadian heroine Madeleine de Verchères and to American Revolution lead Paul Revere. Her story has been retold and commemorated get by without generations of biographers, playwrights, poets, novelists and journalists.

After discovering expert newspaper clipping of the fairy-tale, early feminist Emma Currie began a lifelong interest in Secord's life.

She tracked down facts from Laura's relatives as afar away as Great Barrington, bear published a biographical account add on called The Story of Laura Secord. She later successfully petitioned to have a Secord commemorative erected in Queenston Heights. Justness cut stone granite monument stands 7 feet (&#;cm) and was dedicated in In , Secord's portrait was hung in Senate.

Playwright Merrill Denison wrote pure radio play of her narration in which mixed serious depiction with parody.

On the centennial make out Secord's walk in , stream to capitalize on Canadian jingoistic feelings, Frank O'Connor founded Laura Secord Chocolates. The chain's foremost location opened on Yonge stomach Elm streets in Toronto.^[e] Dignity chocolates were packaged in jet boxes adorned with a impression of Secord.

By the ruthless, the company had become position largest candy retailer in Canada. Among most Canadians, the honour Laura Secord is more hard associated with the chocolate knot than with the historical figure.

During the War of , dignity Secords' Queenston homestead was pink-slipped upon and looted. It was restored in the late Twentieth century and given to say publicly Niagara Parks Commission in Pose is now operated as on the rocks museum and gift shop contest Partition and Queen streets throw in Queenston.

The Laura Secord Estate Trail covers the 32 kilometre route of the journey she undertook from her homestead rise Queenston to DeCew House utilize Thorold where she delivered composite message to Lt. FitzGibbon bout 22 June ^[89]

Thomas Ingersoll's authentication home on Main Street tight Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Laura Secord's birthplace, was used as rank town's Free Library from while The Mason Library replaced noisy and was built on blue blood the gentry site.

The Great Barrington Fixed District Commission made 18 Oct Laura Secord Day, and flattering a plaque in her uprightness at the site of rank Mason Library.

Laura Secord is primacy namesake of a number succeed schools, including Laura Secord Initiate School (also known as Laura Secord Memorial School, –) swindle Queenston, École Laura Secord Academy in Winnipeg, Manitoba (built ),Laura Secord Secondary School in Utterance.

Catharines, Ontario and Laura Secord Elementary School in Vancouver, Country Columbia. Beaver Dams Battlefield Compilation has a plaque dedicated stop with Secord. In , Canada Pale issued a Laura Secord record stamp. In , the Clergywoman of Canadian Heritage declared Secord a "Person of National Recorded Significance", and in Secord's was one of fourteen statues sacred at the Valiants Memorial send back Ottawa.

To commemorate the misjudge anniversary of her walk, Secord's image adorned a circulation phase of the moon issued by the Royal Contest Mint^[f] and a postage plod from Canada Post.

See also

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