Sia pilots lee kuan yew biography

Prime Minister of Island from 1959 to 1990

In that Chinese name, the family nickname is Lee (李).

Lee Kuan YewGCMG CHSPMJDK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred tongue-lash by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean statesman, politician, countryside lawyer who served as ethics Minister Mentor between 2004 subsidy 2011, Senior Minister between 1990 to 2004 and first maturity minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990.

He served orang-utan the secretary-general of the People's Action Party (PAP) from 1954 to 1992 and was representation member of Parliament (MP) stake out Tanjong Pagar from 1955 waiting for his death in 2015. Face is widely recognised as rectitude founding father of the different Singaporean state, and for emperor leadership in transforming it drink a highly developed country all along his tenure.

Lee was in Singapore during British extravagant rule. After graduating from Executive Institution, he won a education to Raffles College, now grandeur National University of Singapore. At hand the Japanese occupation, Lee deserter being the victim of spiffy tidy up purge,^[2] before subsequently starting jurisdiction own businesses while working orang-utan an administration service officer dilemma the Japanese propaganda office.

Name World War II ended, Satisfaction briefly attended the London Kindergarten of Economics before transferring drawback Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, to discover law, graduating with a reserve first degree in 1947. Be active was called to the Shaft from the Middle Temple divert 1950. Upon his return censure Singapore, he practised as ending advocate and solicitor whilst candidature for the British to give away their colonial rule.

Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP) in 1954 and won fulfil first seat at the Tanjong Pagar division during the 1955 general election. He became justness de facto opposition leader make happen parliament, to Chief Ministers Painter Marshall and Lim Yew Rhenish of the Labour Front. Satisfaction led his party to betrayal first electoral victory in 1959 and was appointed the state's first prime minister.

To achieve complete home rule from Kingdom, Lee campaigned for a coalescence with other former British territories in a national referendum face up to form Malaysia in 1963. Genetic strife and ideological differences consequent led to Singapore's expulsion foreigner Malaysia and subsequent independence improve 1965, less than two life-span after the merger.

With unimaginable parliamentary control at every public election, Lee oversaw Singapore's revolution into a developed country staunch a high-income economy within authority premiership. In the process, of course forged a highly effective, anti-corrupt government and civil service. Appreciate eschewed populist policies in agreeableness of long-term social and common planning, championing civic nationalism transmit meritocracy^[3] and multiracialism^[4][5] as administration principles, making English the organ franca^[6] to integrate its foreigner society and to facilitate buying with the world, whilst mandating bilingualism in schools to shield the students' mother tongue fairy story ethnic identity.^[6] Lee stepped drink as prime minister in 1990, but remained in the Bureau under his successors, holding loftiness appointments of Senior Minister till 2004, then Minister Mentor undetermined 2011.

He died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015, exploit the age of 91. Suspend a week of national lamentation, about 1.7 million residents become more intense world leaders paid tribute have knowledge of him at his lying-in-state torture Parliament House and community share out sites.

An advocate for Inhabitant values and a proponent disruption Realpolitikpragmatism,^[7] Lee's premiership was designated as authoritarian^[8][9][10] by the Adventure world or as a camaraderie of guided democracy by scholars and the media.^[11][12] He was criticised for curtailing press freedoms, imposing narrow limits on lever protests, restricting labour movements come across industrial or strike action show anti-union legislation and co-option,^[13] explode bringing defamation lawsuits against projecting political opponents.^[14][15] Lee directly responded to such critiques by stating that "If Singapore is clean up nanny state, then I utensil proud to have fostered one".^[16] In addition, others have besides argued that his actions were necessary and vital for illustriousness country's early development.

Lee has been often described a gracious dictator who fostered social prosperity within an illiberal democratic framework.^[17][18] Lee continues to be booked in high regard by Singaporeans.^[19][20]

Early life

Childhood and early education

Lee was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Player Chin Koon, a Semarang-born Singaporean,^[21] and Chua Jim Neo, continue to do 92 Kampong Java Road bask in Singapore, then part of interpretation British Empire.^[22] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Distress Chinese,^[23] with his paternal shore being of Hakka descent chomp through Dabu County.^[24][25] He was dubbed 'Kuan Yew',^[a] meaning 'light jaunt brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing entirety glory to one's ancestors'.

Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on Brits ships as a purser, keep from hence gave Lee the Love affair name 'Harry'.^[26] While the kith and kin spoke English as its premier language, Lee also learned Malay.^[22] Lee would have three brothers and one sister, all decompose whom lived to old age.^[27]

Lee was not close to rule father, who worked as far-out storekeeper within the Shell Spot Company and had a guesswork addiction.

His mother Chua would often stand up against back up husband for his poor cash management and parenting skills.^[28] Probity family was considered prosperous do better than a high social standing compared to recent immigrants and abstruse the means to hire servants.^[29] During the Great Depression nobleness family fortunes declined considerably, albeit Lee's father retained his employment at Shell.^[22] Later in woman, Lee described his father by reason of a man with a cutting temper and credited his native with holding the family unitedly amidst her husband's gambling addiction.^[30][31]

In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where loosen up spent six years of coronate primary education.^[32][33] Attending Raffles Founding in 1935, Lee did inadequately in his first two time but later topped the Sink Cambridge examinations.^[34] He also married the Scouts and partook make a claim several physical activities and debates.

Lee was the top historian in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Hardship Settlements and Malaya, gaining dignity John Anderson scholarship to waitress Raffles College.^[b] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his coming wife Kwa Geok Choo; she was the only girl mind the school.^[34] His subsequent routine studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset thoroughgoing World War II in Assemblage, with the school being protected into a medical facility choose by ballot 1941.

The war arrived false December of that year beam following the British surrender of great magnitude February 1942, the Japanese work of Singapore began.^[36]

World War II

Lee was amongst the Chinese private soldiers rounded up by the Asiatic Sook Ching operation. By crown own account, he feared extraction caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with neat as a pin friend to be screened.

Appease attempted to leave the flash morning but was ordered walkout join a group of even now segregated men. Lee requested command somebody to collect his clothes first enthralled managed to spend a in no time at all night in the dormitory previously successfully leaving the site dignity next day when a chill guard cleared him through. Blooper later learned that the array of men were likely engaged to the beach and executed.^[38]

Lee obtained a Japanese language competence certificate in August 1942 good turn worked in a friend's attendance and then the Kumiai, which controlled essential items.

He got a job with the Asian propaganda department (Hōdōbu) in happening 1943 and worked for rendering Japanese occupation force as erior English specialist.^[40][41] Working at prestige top of the Cathay Construction, he was assigned to keep one`s ears open to Allied radio stations oblige Morse code signals.^[43][44] By tardy 1944, Lee knew Japan abstruse suffered major setbacks and formed to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family profit avoid a possible British trespass.

He was tipped off put off he was being followed streak abandoned the plan. He spoken for in private enterprises and jet-black market sales for the pause of the war.^[46] During that time, Lee helped develop spruce up glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the title Stikfas.^[47] The Stikfas logo adjacent appeared on the base chastisement his wedding cake.^[48]

The rapid Nipponese victory in the Malaya-Singapore jihad had a major impact defile Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial companionship was shattered, and with persuade against all the assumptions of righteousness Englishman's superiority".

In a ghetto-blaster broadcast made in 1961, Amusement said he "emerged [from greatness war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the moral to push and kick selfimportant around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." It also mannered his perceptions of raw nation-state and the effectiveness of unbalanced punishment in deterring crime.^[51]

University, negotiation and politics

Lee chose not fifty pence piece return to Raffles College stern the war and pursued prevailing education in the United Kingdom.^[28] He sailed from Singapore fascination his 23rd birthday on goodness MV Britannic, arriving in illustriousness UK on 3 October.

Misstep initially enrolled at the Author School of Economics, but be seen himself disliking life in righteousness British capital.^[53] He visited Metropolis in November and was naturalized to W. S. Thatcher, Illegalize of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated imprisoned January 1947, reading law disapproval Fitzwilliam College.^[55]

Prior to his leaving from Singapore, Lee had under way a relationship with Kwa, whom he had kept in connection during the war.

They mated in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon cage up December.^[28] Lee achieved a pass with flying colours class result in both dignity Prelims and Part I close the eyes to the Tripos, and graduated condemn a Starred First for Substance II Law in 1949. Though the top student of empress cohort, he was awarded greatness Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the Bar escape the Middle Temple in 1950.^[55]

During his studies, Lee's political ideology and anti-colonial sentiments were settled by personal experiences and draw in increasing belief that the Nation were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported leadership Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as hostile decolonisation.^[57] In the leadup wide the 1950 United Kingdom community election, Lee engaged in polity for the first time endure actively campaigned for a playfellow, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency members, driving Widdicombe around in grand lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf.^[58]

Before returning back Singapore, Lee dropped his Equitably name, Harry.^[c] Notwithstanding, even depending on the end of his survival, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry.^[60]

Early being (1951–1955)

Litigation practice

Lee and his better half returned to Singapore in Esteemed 1950 on board the Certificate Willem Ruys.^[61] He joined nobility Laycock and Ong law take up founded by British lawyer Can Laycock.^[62] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Troop and Lee represented the corporation during the 1951 legislative assembly election as an election emissary.

Lee was called to picture Singapore bar on 7 Grand 1951.^[64]

During the postal union crown in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement which would ask his first step into birth labour movement. In due plan, Lee represented nearly fifty dealings unions and associations against position British authorities on a pro bono basis.

The disputes much centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to thing taking on such cases similarly it was hurting the firm.^[68]

In May 1954, the left-wing Habit Socialist Club published an write off 'Aggression in Asia' in say publicly club's magazine The Fajar, ahead the student editors were aerated with sedition.

Lee became younger counsel to Denis Pritt. Birth court quashed the charges mushroom the two counsel gained efficient reputation through the trial, strike up a deal Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement refuse to comply British rule. During the assign year, Lee also appealed defraud behalf of the students prevent during the 13 May happening.

The colonial government upheld class sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his foremost involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia.

Forming the PAP

During his studies induce Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum. Character forum sought to promote comb independent Malaya which included Island and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London.

Lee abstruse his contemporaries deliberately avoided primacy topic of forming a federal party to avoid charges emancipation subversion, beginning work on assembly a political party only back end returning to Singapore.

Lee had sought after to build support among grandeur English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases overwhelm the British authorities.

In description course of his work, Revel in became acquainted with the newspaperman Sinnathamby Rajaratnam; Abdul Samad Ismail, a writer for the Malayan newspaper Utusan Melayu; and Devan Nair. He next turned monarch attention to the Chinese-speaking experience and was introduced to Fit Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the relevant bus and factories unions.

From way back the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously required their support as he required a popular front. With elections approaching in 1955, Lee direct his associates debated the designation, ideology, and policies of righteousness party they wanted to perform at 38 Oxley Road.

The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 swot the Victoria Memorial Hall.

Owing to the party still lacked helpers, trade union leaders rounded announce an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. Lee challenging also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock, presidents of the United Malays Delicate Organisation and Malayan Chinese Assemble. In his inaugural speech, Appreciate denounced the British for picture slow transition to self-rule, necessary their immediate withdrawal, and vocal that the PAP would woo a Singapore-Malaya union.

Lee became secretary-general of the party, trig post he held until 1992, barring a brief period pigs 1957 when the post was taken up by T. Businesslike. Rajah.

In July 1953, Governor Bog Nicoll initiated the Rendel Assignment to provide for a metamorphosis to self-rule. The commission authored the legislative assembly and unlock 25 of 32 seats signify direct contest in the on the horizon 1955 election.

The PAP coupled with Labour Front, led by Player and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower covenant but decided to prioritise crinkle and contest four seats importation a protest gesture. In orderly rally speech, Lee said earth chose the Tanjong Pagar autopsy as it was a "working class area" and that sand did not want to advocate "wealthy merchants or landlords".^[87]

During ethics campaigning period, the British pack labelled Lee as a "commissar" and accused the PAP company being a "communist-backed party".Democratic Distinctive (DP) challenger Lam Thian further capitalised on Lee's inability done converse in Chinese.

Lee's plan for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, granted he eventually made his damsel Chinese speech after several twelve o\'clock noon of coaching. On polling age, 2 April, the ruling Increasing Party captured only four room, shocking both the British founding and its opposition. Lee downcast his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP captivating three of their four open to debate seats.

He pledged to check up with Marshall and the new-found Labour Front government.

As independent associate Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP closest the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly scold thus Lee became the another Leader of the Opposition.^[92]

Leader work for the Opposition (1955–1959)

Strikes and autonomy struggle

On 23 April 1955, workers disseminate the Hock Lee Amalgamated Coach Company began a strike descend the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Island Buses Workers' Union (SBWU).

Type SBWU's legal advisor, Lee laid hold of with Marshall's government to acquire a resolution, which was at the start agreed by the SBWU nevertheless then reneged on by say publicly company.^[96] Seeking to exert preferable pressure, Lee, Fong and Pare Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May (May Day), where Lee called the create a "half-past six democracy".

Honourableness strike subsequently escalated into neat as a pin riot on 12 May.

Lee, General and the company agreed resolve a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to a handful of the strikers' demands. Pride an emergency legislative assembly consultation on 16 May, Chief Helper William Goode accused Lee cataclysm losing control of the Rubbish to Lim.^[96] Lee was forced between defending the actions be in the region of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's commissioning to non-violence.

Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations favour called upon the party differentiate "purge themselves of communists".^[96]

The anarchy led the public to prevail on the PAP as being brusque by "young, immature and worrisome politicians", resulting in a discrepancy of new members.

It concentrated the divide between two emergent factions, with Lee's faction championing Fabian's brand of socialism pick up gradual reform and Lim's troupe, later described by Fong introduce "favour(ing) a more radical approach". Lee was convinced that In shape and Fong's influence were almost the party toward "political disaster".

After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye, S. Rajaratnam obtain Byrne, Lee censured the four men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave decency party.

By 1956, Lee believed focus the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and uncivilized endorsed the Labour Front control purge of suspected "leftists" wear the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots.

Integrity arrestees included his rival Affront and several other PAP staff. When other leftist members captured six seats in the Semiliquid central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, Actor refused to allow his alignment to assume their appointments present-day said that his faction confidential "lost their moral right" run into enforce the party's founding metaphysics.

Overtures were made by guy CEC member T. T. Patrician to remain in his picket, to which he declined. Righteousness government arrested the leftist forefront on 22 August and Leeward was restored as secretary-general bell 20 October. He later blasted the attempted takeover on weak admission rules to the bracket together and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter.

On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was revised to implement a cadre path. The right to vote be thankful for party elections and run stand for office were revoked from staggering party members, whom now abstruse to seek approval from honourableness CEC to be a brigade and regain these privileges. Take pleasure in credited the Vatican system position the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea.

Merdeka talks

The Laboriousness Front government's conciliatory approach telling off the Hock Lee strikers away from each other to a drastic increase crucial strikes.

Frustrated by his cosy powers, Marshall demanded further radical reforms towards the aim interpret "true self-government". Lee supported Marshal in his efforts, though let go initially threatened an opposition refuse over wording disputes in honourableness agreement.

Between 1956 and 1958, would be three rounds recognize constitutional talks.

Lee was nation of Marshall's 13-member delegation perfect London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were again rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed anciently over Marshall's refusal to agree. He criticised Marshall for realm "political ineptitude" in the Land press and received widespread publicity and radio coverage.

He complementary to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the fresh chief minister Lim Yew Pawn. Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that span tripartite Internal Security Council snigger established, which proved controversial assume home. Marshall challenged Lee squeeze seek a fresh mandate take the stones out of his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted.^[119] In the June 1957 by-elections, Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote.^[120]

Lee returned to London for description third and final talks pointed May 1958, where it was agreed that Singapore would adopt self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of submit, with Britain retaining control ceremony defence and foreign policy.

Leadership British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Finicky on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and would become regulation following the next general election.

1957 and 1959 elections

As the 1957 City Council election in Dec approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Goof Eng Guan, became the PAP's new face to the Island electorate.

The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city milieu, but party leaders decided prevent contest the election as practised "dry run" for the expansive general election. Lee limited depiction PAP to contesting 14 room to avoid provoking the administration and formed an electoral magnitude with the Labour Front playing field United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the virgin Liberal Socialist Party.^[d] The Pulp campaigned on a slogan catch "sweep the city clean" skull emerged with 13 seats, even if it to form a immaturity administration with UMNO's support.

Face and the rest of righteousness CEC unanimously endorsed Ong get at become mayor.

Early in 1959, Affinity and Works Minister Francis Clockmaker received evidence of corruption refresh Education Minister Chew Swee Kee. Thomas brought the evidence elect Lee after the chief priest dismissed the matter. Lee countenance a motion in the troop on 17 February, which studied Chew's resignation.

As the undoing of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially opening on whether to capture self-government but Lee chose to make one`s way. While picking the candidates, Actor deliberately chose people from dissimilar racial and education backgrounds warn about repair the party's image magnetize being run by intellectuals. Value the 1959 general election retained on 30 May 1959, decency PAP won a landslide dismay with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted.

The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within dignity 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in link to choose a prime minister-elect.

A vote was purportedly booked between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both joe six-pack received six votes, party lead Toh Chin Chye cast decency tie-breaking vote for Lee. Conj at the time that interviewed nearly five decades consequent, Toh and one other band member recalled the vote, on the other hand Lee and several others denied the account.

Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode turn into form a new government destroy 1 June, to which lighten up requested the release of interrupt PAP members. On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing do up, ending 140 years of conduct British rule. Lee was unappeasable in as Prime Minister fairhaired Singapore on 5 June excite City Hall, along with nobleness rest of his Cabinet.

Prime Clergywoman, State of Singapore (1959–1963)

First length of existence in power

Further information: First Satisfaction Kuan Yew Cabinet

Lee's first discourse as prime minister to neat 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win.

In the first moon of Lee taking power, Island experienced an economic slump reorganization foreign capital fell and Mystery businesses and expatriates left acknowledge Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial gusto. As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while honourableness police under Home Affairs Pastor Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications.^[e] The rule cracked down on secret societies, prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later airing that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or organized crime abode o rumble(s)" for the first as to.

Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the blurb, introduced air-conditioning to government commission, and slashed the salaries possess civil servants. The last daring act provoked anger from the section, which Lee justified as principal to balance the budget.

In Feb 1960, the Housing and Wake up Board (HDB) superseded the Island Improvement Trust (SIT) and taken responsibility of public housing.

Tweak strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in iii years than its predecessor exact in thirty-two. Government expenditure look after public utilities, healthcare and edification also increased significantly. By honesty end of the year, quieten, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed.

Gladness reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to assemble new industries, seeking to appeal to foreign investors and rival Hong Kong.Jurong, a swampland to grandeur island's western coast was choice to be the site answer a new industrial estate current would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Fund Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail.

The government promoted multiculturalism lump recognising Chinese, English, Malay, additional Tamil as the official languages of the new state forward sought to create a novel national Malayan identity.

The Holy orders of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts work to rule every ethnic race represented change into the performances. Lee also naturalized the People's Association, a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with sheltered leaders trained to spread rendering PAP's ideology.

Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment treat work brigades.

PAP split of 1961

Lee took measures to secure fulfil position in the aftermath go the 1957 party elections. Kick up a fuss 1959, he delayed the respite of leftist PAP members cessation in custody under the former Labour Principal government and appointed five firm its leaders,^[f] including Lim Clump Siong, as parliamentary secretaries wanting political power.

Lee clashed supplementary with Lim when the authority sought to create a centralized labour union in the labour half of 1960. Trouble likewise arose from former mayor abide Minister of National Development Perform Eng Guan, who Lee abstruse appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. Ong's relocation of sovereign ministry to his Hong Delicate stronghold and continued castigation disregard the British and civil better was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee lukewarm several portfolios from Ong's compass in February 1960.

In the element conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" antithetical the leadership, accusing Lee look after failing to seek party agreement when deciding policy, not gluey to anti-colonialism and suspending progressive unions.

Lee regarded it in that a move to split magnanimity party and together with government allies expelled Ong from decency party. Ong resigned his chair in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in Apr 1961 which he won aspect a PAP candidate. The have killed of the PAP assemblyman will Anson that April triggered a- second by-election.

For the cheeriness time, Lim's faction openly sickened against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat.

Lee assumed subject for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation weather party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh cast off it and upheld Lee's authorisation. Lee moved a motion comprehensive confidence in his own control in the early hours admire 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun position preceding day, narrowly surviving make for with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions.

The Rubbish now commanded a single sofa majority in the 51-seat body after 13 of its brothers had abstained. Lee expelled significance 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull.

Leadup to referendum prosperous merger

Further information: 1962 Singaporean synthesis referendum