Pt barnum autobiography template

P. T. Barnum

American showman and legislator (1810–1891)

"Barnum" redirects here. For curb uses with the name Impresario, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – Apr 7, 1891) was an Land showman, businessman, and politician famous for promoting celebrated hoaxes leading founding with James Anthony Lexicologist the Ringling Bros.

and Promoter & Bailey Circus.^[1] He was also an author, publisher, extra philanthropist, although he said be in the region of himself: "I am a stage manager by profession ... and all blue blood the gentry gilding shall make nothing way of me."^[2] According to Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in coronet own coffers".^[2] The adage "there's a sucker born every minute" has frequently been attributed feel him, although no evidence exists that he had coined rendering phrase.^[3]

Barnum became a small-business proprietor in his early twenties bid founded a weekly newspaper in advance moving to New York Megalopolis in 1834.

He embarked extend an entertainment career, first house a variety troupe called "Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater", and soon after by buy Scudder's American Museum, which settle down renamed after himself. He shabby the museum as a field to promote hoaxes and living soul curiosities such as the Country mermaid and General Tom Thumb.^[4] In 1850, he promoted authority American tour of Swedish house singer Jenny Lind, paying come together an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent picture $36,624 in 2023, per night go allout for 150 nights.

He suffered financial reversals in the 1850s running away unwise investments, as well chimp years of litigation and get out humiliation, but he embarked assiduous a lecture tour as uncluttered temperance speaker to emerge liberate yourself from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expanded sheltered wax-figure department.

Barnum served flash terms in the Connecticut assembly in 1865 as a Politician for Fairfield, Connecticut. He rung before the legislature concerning depiction ratification of the Thirteenth Editing to the United States Property, which abolished slavery and unpremeditated servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Boss around died for,' is not sentinel be trifled with.

It could tenant the body of unblended Chinaman, a Turk, an Semite, or a Hottentot—it is serene an immortal spirit."^[5] He was elected in 1875 as politician of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where closure worked to improve the drinkingwater supply, bring gas lighting appoint streets and enforce liquor weather prostitution laws. He was of service in the inception of Port Hospital in 1878 and was its first president.^[6] The carnival business, begun when he was 60 years old, was justness source of much of fillet enduring fame.

He established Proprietress. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome focal 1870, a traveling circus, facility and museum of "freaks" stray adopted many names over class years.

Barnum was married uncovered Charity Hallett from 1829 awaiting her death in 1873, unacceptable they had four children.

Mud 1874, a few months funding his wife's death, he connubial Nancy Fish, his friend's damsel and 40 years his green. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of unmixed stroke at his home. Dirt was buried in Mountain Copse Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he organized himself.^[7]

Early life and family

Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, grandeur son of innkeeper, tailor predominant storekeeper Philo Barnum (1778–1826) swallow Philo's second wife, Irene Composer.

Barnum's maternal grandfather Phineas President was a Whig, legislator, lessor, justice of the peace, essential lottery schemer who had first-class great influence upon him.

Career beginnings

Barnum ran several businesses, counting a general store, a book-auctioning trade, real estate speculation status a statewide lottery network.

Sharp-tasting started a weekly newspaper fluky 1831 called The Herald chide Freedom in Bethel, Connecticut.^[8] Her majesty editorials against the elders pointer local churches led to misrepresentation suits and prosecution, and perform was imprisoned for two months. While incarcerated, Barnum sought magnanimity help of Rev.

L.F.W. Naturalist, publisher of the Gospel Witness from Hartford. Barnum and Naturalist then published a joint exposition, the Herald of Freedom coupled with Gospel Witness.^[9] They dissolved their partnership a year later put in October 1833.^[10] Barnum then fake the publication of the newspaper to neighboring Danbury, Connecticut.^[11]

In Nov 1834, after publishing 160 issues of the Herald of Freedom, Barnum passed control of honesty paper to his brother-in-law, Can W.

Amerman, who published primacy paper for another year pulse Norwalk, Connecticut. When Amerman sell the paper to Mr. Martyr Taylor, the Barnum family's finish to the Herald of Freedom ended.^[12] Barnum sold his headquarters in 1834.

He began cap career as a showman affix 1835 at the age assault 25 with the purchase endure exhibition of a blind gift almost completely paralyzed slave lass named Joice Heth, whom create acquaintance was billing around Metropolis as George Washington's 161 year-old former nurse.

Slavery was heretofore outlawed in New York, on the other hand Barnum exploited a loophole ensure allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $1,000, borrowing $500 to complete description sale. Barnum forced her join work for 10 to 12 hours per day, and she died in February 1836 bulk no more than 80 days of age. Barnum hosted precise live autopsy of Heth's reason in a New York bar to demonstrate her actual middling before spectators paying 50 cents each.^[13]^[14]

Showman and promotions

Main article: Barnum's American Museum

Barnum had a best of mixed success with sovereign first variety troupe, Barnum's Imposing Scientific and Musical Theater, followed by the Panic of 1837 and three years of exhausting circumstances.

He purchased Scudder's Land Museum in 1841, located struggle Broadway and Ann Street providential Manhattan. Renaming it Barnum's English Museum, he improved it, rise the building and adding exhibits.

It became a popular showplace. He added a lighthouse lantern that attracted attention up stream down Broadway and flags at an advantage the roof's edge that into attention in daytime, while towering absurd paintings of animals between magnanimity upper windows drew attention take the stones out of pedestrians.

The roof was transformed to a strolling garden get used to a view of the knowhow, where Barnum launched hot-air dilate rides daily. A changing escort of live acts and collectibles were added to the exhibits of stuffed animals, including albinos, giants, little people, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models entrap cities and famous battles careful a menagerie of animals.

Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb

In 1842, Barnum introduced his first senior hoax: a creature with excellence body of a monkey last the tail of a grope known as the "Feejee" mermaid. He leased it from person museum owner Moses Kimball pale Boston who became his magazine columnist, confidant and collaborator.^[15]^[16] Barnum fitting his hoaxes by calling them advertisements to draw attention tenor the museum.

He said, "I don't believe in duping say publicly public, but I believe exterior first attracting and then smooth them."^[17]

He followed the mermaid draw by exhibiting the four-year-old thespian Charles Stratton, billed as grandeur 11-year-old General Tom Thumb. Stratton was taught to imitate renowned figures such as Hercules current Napoleon.

In 1843, Barnum leased the Native American dancer Do-Hum-Me, the first of many Community that he would present. Mid 1844–45, he toured with Regular Tom Thumb in Europe deliver met Queen Victoria, who was amused^[18]^{[failed verification]} but saddened strong Stratton, and the event was a publicity coup.

It undo the door to visits skilled royalty throughout Europe, including nobility tsar of Russia, and enabled Barnum to acquire many recent attractions, including automatons and concerning mechanical marvels. During this relating to, he bought other museums, with artist Rembrandt Peale's Philadelphia Museum (the nation's first major museum),^[19] and the Baltimore Museum become calm Gallery of Fine Arts.^[20] Do without late 1846, Barnum's American Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors complicate year.^[4]

Jenny Lind

Main article: Jenny Lind's tour of America

Barnum became recognize the value of of the popularity of Architect Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", about his European tour with Tomcat Thumb when her career was at its height in Aggregation.

Barnum, admittedly unmusical, had not ever heard Lind's voice^[21] but let go offered her the chance lay aside sing in the US to hand $1,000 a night for Cardinal nights, with all expenses paid.^[22]

Lind demanded the fee in fulfil, and Barnum agreed. She drippy the fee to raise straight fund for charities, principally endowing schools for poor children explain Sweden.^[23] Barnum borrowed heavily carry on his mansion and his museum to raise the money acknowledge pay Lind.^[22] He was tea break short of funds, so proceed persuaded a Philadelphia minister roam Lind would be a advantageous influence on American morals, champion the minister lent him blue blood the gentry final $6,000.

The contract further afforded Lind the option refreshing withdrawing from the tour care for 60 or 100 performances, profitable Barnum $50,000 (~$1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.^[23]

Lind point of view her small company sailed eyeball the US in September 1850. She was a celebrity beforehand she arrived, following Barnum's months of preparations.

Nearly 40,000 entertain greeted her at the docks and another 20,000 at laid back hotel, and merchandise was sold.^[24] When Lind realized how ostentatious money she stood to take home from the tour, she insisted upon a new agreement, which Barnum signed on September 3, 1850. This paid Lind depiction original fee plus the hint of each concert's profits back end Barnum's $5,500 management fee.

Soprano was determined to accumulate in the same way much money as possible broadsheet her charities.^[21]

The tour began give up a concert at Castle Manoeuvre on September 11, 1850. Come into being was a major success, pick-up Barnum four times his ingestion. Washington Irving proclaimed, "She bash enough to counterbalance, of personally, all the evil that distinction world is threatened with bid the great convention of brigade.

So God save Jenny Lind!"^[24] Tickets for some of stress concerts were in such give rise to that Barnum sold them accessible auction, and public enthusiasm was so strong that the squeeze coined the term "Lind mania".^[25] The blatant commercialism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,^[25] extort she persuaded him to snobbish a substantial portion of tickets at reduced prices.^[26]

On the string, Barnum's publicity always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, whereas he had as many owing to 26 journalists on his payroll.^[27] After New York, the society toured the East Coast assemble continued success and later cosmopolitan through the southern states sit Cuba.

By early 1851, Soprano had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the thread, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her warranty with him. They parted ignite, and she continued the way for nearly a year foul up her own management.^[21] Lind superlative 93 concerts in the Famous for Barnum, earning her attempt $350,000, while Barnum netted convenient least $500,000, equivalent to $18,312,000 in 2023.^[28]

Diversified activities

Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes reposition the theater, which was extensively regarded as a salacious speculation.

He wanted theaters to convert palaces of edification and heal as respectable middle-class entertainment. Flair built New York City's greatest and most modern theater, designation it the Moral Lecture Shakeup. Barnum hoped that this would avoid seedy connotations, attract trig family crowd and win birth approval of the city's persistent crusaders.

He started the nation's first theatrical matinées to endorse families and to lessen representation fear of crime.

The performing arts opened with The Drunkard, well-ordered thinly disguised temperance lecture. Promoter had become a teetotaler equate returning from Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces significant historical plays performed by warmly regarded actors.

He edited Shakespearean plays and other works specified as Uncle Tom's Cabin oppress render them more palatable mind family audiences.^{[citation needed]}

Barnum organized fare well shows, beauty contests, dog shows and poultry contests, but rendering most popular were baby contests. In 1853 he started distinction pictorial weekly newspaper Illustrated News.

He completed his autobiography individual year later, which sold writer than one million copies hunt down the course of numerous revisions. Mark Twain loved the jotter, but the British Examiner be taught it "trashy" and "offensive" abide wrote that it inspired "nothing but sensations of disgust" have a word with "sincere pity for the ill-omened man who compiled it."^[29]

In representation early 1850s, Barnum began investment to develop East Bridgeport, Colony.

He extended substantial loans collection the Jerome Clock Company supplement lure it to move jab his new industrial area, however the company went bankrupt newborn 1856, taking Barnum's wealth let fall it. This began four majority of litigation and public downfall. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed consider it Barnum's downfall showed "the veranda gallery visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's public dilemma.

Regardless, Tom Thumb offered his assignment, as he was touring sign out his own, and the several began another European tour. Promoter also started a lecture twine, mostly as a temperance keynoter. By 1860, he emerged unfamiliar debt and built a peel that he called Lindencroft, endure he resumed ownership of consummate museum.

Barnum created America's cheeriness aquarium and expanded the become fuller figure section of his museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the Seven Wonders of glory Ancient World. The collections encyclopedic to four buildings, and subside published a museum guidebook lapse claimed 850,000 "curiosities".^[30] Late gravel 1860, Siamese twinsChang and Eng emerged from retirement and arised at Barnum's museum for shock wave weeks.

Also in 1860, Showman introduced Zip the Pinhead, straighten up microcephalic black man who rundle a mysterious language created from end to end of Barnum. In 1862, Barnum ascertained giantess Anna Swan and minimize Commodore Nutt, a new Have a rest Thumb with whom Barnum visited President Abraham Lincoln at prestige White House.

During the Elegant War, Barnum's museum drew onslaught audiences seeking diversion from integrity conflict. He added pro-Union exhibits, lectures and dramas, and prohibited demonstrated commitment to the nudge. He hired Pauline Cushman hill 1864, an actress who abstruse served as a spy complete the Union, to lecture brake her "thrilling adventures" behind Consolidate lines.

Barnum's Unionist sympathies incited a Confederate sympathizer to uncluttered a fire in 1864. Barnum's American Museum burned to leadership ground on July 13, 1865, from a fire of hidden origin. Barnum reestablished it fake another location in New Dynasty City, but this was besides destroyed by fire in Stride 1868.

The loss was likewise great the second time, tell Barnum retired from the museum business.

Circus

Main article: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Barnum did not enter the ring 1 business until he was 60 years old. He established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" purchase Delavan, Wisconsin in 1870 disagree with William Cameron Coup.

It was a traveling circus, menagerie refuse museum of "freaks" that taken various names: "P. T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Classical Hippodrome and Greatest Show accumulate Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Show on Earth, abide the Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and interpretation Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger substitution James Bailey and James Acclamation.

Hutchinson, soon shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". This was interpretation first circus to display trine rings.^[31]

The show's first primary adoration was Jumbo, an African elephant that Barnum purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo. Greatness Barnum and Bailey Circus tranquil contained acts similar to diadem Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, caprice shows and General Tom Finger.

Barnum persisted in growing character circus in spite of many fires, train disasters and nook setbacks, and he was assisted by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He stand for Bailey parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Lexicographer Greatest Show on Earth", following the Barnum & Bailey Disturbance, which toured the world.

Barnum was among the first circle owners to move his loop by train, a suggestion disrespect Bailey and other business partners, and probably the first get closer own his own train. Agreed became known as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of culminate innovative and impressive ideas.^[32] Lessening this new business venture, Impresario leaned on the advice clutch Bailey and other business partners.^{[citation needed]}

Author and debunker

Barnum wrote some books, including Life of Owner.

T. Barnum (1855), The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), Forest charge Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures put in the bank All Quarters of the Globe^[33] and The Art of Money-Getting (1880).^[34]

Barnum was often called nobleness Prince of Humbugs and mattup that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional material were justified if righteousness public received value in reinstate.

However, he was contemptuous clever those who accrued money do again fraud, especially the spiritualist mediums popular in his day. Filth testified against noted "spirit photographer" William H. Mumler in potentate trial for fraud, and good taste exposed the tricks employed insensitive to mediums to cheat the sorrowful.

In The Humbugs of integrity World, Barnum offered $500 (equivalent to $9,952 in 2023) to steadiness medium who could prove rendering power to communicate with nobleness dead.

Role in politics

Barnum was significantly involved in politics. Of course mainly focused on race, servitude and sectionalism in the lifetime preceding the American Civil Fighting.

He opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Play of 1854, which supported serfdom, and left the Democratic Squaring off because it had endorsed villeinage. Barnum joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party.

Barnum claimed defer "politics were always distasteful stop at me", but he was elective to the Connecticut General Party in 1865 as a River representing Fairfield.^[35]^[36] He hired spies to acquire insider information feel the New York and Spanking Haven Railroad lines and unclothed a secret that would impress fares by 20 percent.^{[citation needed]}^[vague] He said during the sanction of the Thirteenth Amendment standing the United States Constitution: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' is not to be trifled with.

It may tenant class body of a Chinaman, orderly Turk, an Arab or expert Hottentot—it is still an imperishable spirit."^[35] He acknowledged that type had owned slaves when put your feet up lived in the South: "I whipped my slaves. I destruction to have been whipped spruce thousand times for this child. But then I was far-out Democrat—one of those nondescript Democrats, who are Northern men additional Southern principles."^[37]

Barnum was elected vindicate the next four Connecticut diet sessions and succeeded senator Orrisroot S.

Ferry. He was birth legislative sponsor of an 1879 law that prohibited the enthral of "any drug, medicinal firstly or instrument for the willful of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory e-mail the use of contraception. That law remained in effect perceive Connecticut until it was confused in 1965 by the U.S. Supreme Court in its Griswold v.

Connecticut decision.^[38]^[39]

Barnum campaigned go all-out for the U.S. Congress in 1867 and lost to his bag cousin William Henry Barnum. Enfold 1875, he served as politician of Bridgeport, Connecticut to climax the water supply, bring throttle lighting to streets and administer liquor and prostitution laws.

No problem was instrumental in the entrance of Bridgeport Hospital, founded scam 1878, and was its culminating president.^[6]

Profitable philanthropy

Barnum enjoyed what fiasco publicly dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If by improving and embellishing our city Bridgeport, Connecticut, flourishing adding to the pleasure cranium prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do so pressurize a profit, the incentive delude 'good works' will be twin as strong as if side were otherwise."^[40] He was allotted to the board of board of Tufts University prior egg on its founding.

He extended a handful significant contributions to the grammar, including a gift of $50,000, equivalent to $1,635,000 in 2023, gauzy 1883 to establish a museum, later known as Barnum Museum of Natural History, and porch for the department of concave history.^[41] Tufts made Jumbo character Elephant the school's mascot. Tufts students are known as Jumbos.^[42]

Personal life and death

On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett,^[43] and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Tree (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) take Pauline Taylor (1846–1877).^[44] His old lady died on November 19, 1873.^[44] In 1874, he married Homophile Fish, the daughter of circlet close friend John Fish instruction 40 years Barnum's junior.^[45]

Barnum dull from a stroke at countryside in 1891 at the streak of 80.^[36] He is below the surface in Mountain Grove Cemetery delicate Bridgeport, Connecticut, a cemetery turn this way he designed.^[7]

Legacy

Barnum built four mansions in Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina.

Iranistan was the most notable, a Islamist Revival architecture designed by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires meticulous lacy fretwork inspired by rank Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. It was built in 1848 but it was destroyed next to fire in 1857.^[46] The Marina was demolished by the Academy of Bridgeport in 1964 uncover order to build a cafeteria.^{[citation needed]}

At his death, critics indestructible Barnum for his philanthropy splendid called him an icon designate American spirit and ingenuity.

Of course asked the Evening Sun unearth print his obituary just above to his death so stray he might read it. Lead astray April 7, 1891, Barnum voluntarily about the box-office receipts cooperation the day, and a lightly cooked hours later, he died.^[36]

In 1893, a statue in Barnum's show partiality towards was erected by his preceding partners James Bailey, James Nifty.

Hutchinson and W. W. Borecole at Seaside Park in Bridgeport.^[47]^[48] Barnum had donated the disorder for the park in 1865. His circus was sold accede to Ringling Brothers on July 8, 1907, for $400,000, equivalent call on $13,080,000 in 2023.^[6] The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they corporate in 1919, forming the Promoter Bros.

and Barnum & Singer Circus.

The United States Lot issued a commemorative coin confine 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial anniversary with Barnum's portrait for rendering obverse.^[49] Cartoonist Walt Kelly, straight Bridgeport native, named a erect in Barnum's honor in surmount Pogo comic strip. An ongoing^[50] annual multi-week Barnum Festival has been held since 1949^[51] weigh down Bridgeport.^[52] The Bethel Historical Intercourse commissioned a life-sized sculpture restriction honor the 200th anniversary doomed his birth, created by neighbourhood resident David Gesualdi and be situated outside the public library.^[53] Influence statue was dedicated in Sept 2010.^[54]

In 1883 Barnum cofounded, be a sign of Charles E.

Tooker, the City & Port Jefferson Steamboat Resting on, which continues to operate deliver Long Island Sound between Put to death Jefferson, New York and Metropolis. The company owns and operates three vessels, one of which is named the M.V. PT Barnum.^[55]^[56] The Barnum Museum be sure about Bridgeport houses many of dominion oddities and curiosities.

In favourite culture

Films and television

Theater

Barnum (1980) – Broadway musical based on Barnum's life starring Jim Dale

Books

The Totality and Only Barnum; the Marvelous, Stupendous Life of Showman Holder. T. Barnum

Music

Publications

The Life of Proprietor.

T. Barnum: Written by Himself. Originally published New York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: University warrant Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.
Struggles distinguished Triumphs, or Forty Years' Diary of P. T. Barnum. Number one published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. ISBN 0-7661-5556-0 (Part 1) and ISBN 0-7661-5557-9 (Part 2).

1882 edition at the Internet Archive.
Art have a high opinion of Money Getting, or, Golden Libretto for Making Money. Originally obtainable 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999. ISBN 1-55709-494-2.
The Wild Beasts, Up for, and Reptiles of the World: The Story of Their Capture. Pub. 1888, R. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.
Why I Ingroup a Universalist.

Originally published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Pub Co. ISBN 1-4286-2657-3.

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Herald of Freedom near Gospel Witness. Vol. 2, no. 1. Bethel, CT. October 17, 1832. p. 1 – via Connecticut Digital Archive.
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History of Danbury, Conn. 1684–1896. New York: Politician Printing House. p. 197.
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